Sources
Sources and further reading
The text of this section was compiled for general readers from the sources below. The ideas and facts come from them; the wording is new, and any quotations are credited where they appear.
Lectures
Carpenter, John T. “Actors and Courtesans in Ukiyo-e: Japanese Prints from the Collection of Lee E. Dirks.” Online lecture, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, hosted by the Japanese Art Society of America. YouTube video, 1:18:14. 2021. Link
Emery, Elizabeth. “Reframing Japonisme: Women and the Asian Art Market in Nineteenth-Century France.” Webinar (Montclair State University), Japanese Art Society of America. YouTube video, 1:00:42. 2021. Link
Greenwood, Kevin R. E. “How Were Ukiyo-e Prints Made?” Video lecture, Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin College. YouTube video, 12:19. 2020. Link
Haft, Alfred, and Capucine Korenberg. “Curator's Introduction to Hiroshige: Artist of the Open Road.” Curator talk, The British Museum, London. YouTube video, 1:04:51. 2025. Link
Katz, Janice. “Japanese Prints: Hokusai's Fantastic Landscapes.” Virtual member lecture, The Art Institute of Chicago. YouTube video, 46:57. 2021. Link
Kelly, Simon. “Vincent van Gogh and Japan.” Curator's Perspective lecture (Saint Louis Art Museum), Frist Center for the Visual Arts, Nashville. YouTube video, 1:02:43. 2014. Link
Pissarro, Joachim. “Sunrise in the Land of the Rising Sun.” Symposium lecture (Hunter College, CUNY), 150 Years of Collecting Impressionist Art: From the Avant-Garde to the Mainstream, Center for the History of Collecting, The Frick Collection, New York. YouTube video, 39:06. Recorded May 2018. Link
Quette, Béatrice. “Japan, the West, and the Emergence of Japonism in Design.” Enid and Lester Morse Historic Design Lecture (Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris), Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum, New York. YouTube video, 53:36. 2018. Link
Thompson, Sarah E. “Art for Everyone: Print Culture and the Floating World.” Lecture, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. YouTube video, 1:27:46. Recorded October 23, 2025. Link
Thompson, Sarah E. “Rival Artists of 19th-Century Japan: Kuniyoshi vs. Kunisada.” Guest lecture (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston), School of Art Lecture Series, University of Arkansas. YouTube video, 1:09:21. 2021. Link
Curricula
College Board. AP Art History Course and Exam Description. Effective Fall 2020. Image set: work 211, Katsushika Hokusai, Under the Wave off Kanagawa. Link
Flynn, Patricia. “Visions of People: The Influences of Japanese Prints (Ukiyo-e) upon Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century French Art.” Curriculum unit 82.04.03, Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute, 1982. Link
Guth, Christine, with Anne Henderson, Heidi Hinish, and Barbara Moore. Edo: Art in Japan, 1615–1868. Teaching packet. Washington: National Gallery of Art, Education Division, 1998. Link
Kennedy, Jan, and Nancy Eastman. “AHS 3611 Topics in Japanese Art: Japanese Prints.” Course description, Kansas City Art Institute, Fall 2022. Link
Lech-Bińczycka, Agnieszka. “UKIYO-E Japanese Woodcut Phenomenon.” Syllabus, Doctoral School, University of Rzeszów, 2023–24. Link
McKelway, Matthew P. “GU4760 Great Waves: Arts of the Floating World.” Course description, Department of Art History and Archaeology, Columbia University, Spring 2021. Link
Ota, Pauline Ayumi. “ARTH 231A Prints & Print Culture of Early Modern & Modern Japan.” Syllabus abstract, DePauw University, Spring 2024. Link
Museum collection records
The Art Institute of Chicago. “The Actor Sanogawa Ichimatsu I as Hisamatsu” (c. 1748), Ishikawa Toyonobu. Collection record, 1931.243. Link
The Art Institute of Chicago. “An American Mercantile Building in Yokohama” (1861), Utagawa Sadahide. Collection record, 1926.1784. Link
The Art Institute of Chicago. “Boats at Rest” (c. 1895), Arthur Wesley Dow. Collection record, 1990.394. Link
The Art Institute of Chicago. “Courtesan Walking” (c. 1714), Kaigetsudō Anchi. Collection record, 1925.1741. Link
The Art Institute of Chicago. “Danjūrō V as a Skeleton and Iwai Hanshirō IV as the Cherry Princess” (c. 1783), Katsukawa Shunshō. Collection record, 1938.491. Link
The Art Institute of Chicago. “The Emperor Tenji, from One Hundred Poems Explained by the Nurse” (c. 1835/36), Katsushika Hokusai. Collection record, 1928.1088. Link
The Art Institute of Chicago. “Fireworks at Ryōgoku” (1858), Utagawa Hiroshige. Collection record, 1925.3734. Link
The Art Institute of Chicago. “Fukagawa Susaki and Jūmantsubo” (1857), Utagawa Hiroshige. Collection record, 1925.3761. Link
The Art Institute of Chicago. “Hokusai Manga (Sketches of Hokusai)” (1812/78), Katsushika Hokusai. Collection record, 2007.628. Link
The Art Institute of Chicago. “Hu Sanniang, from One Hundred and Eight Heroes of the Popular Water Margin” (c. 1827/30), Utagawa Kuniyoshi. Collection record, 1975.488. Link
The Art Institute of Chicago. “The Letter” (1890–91), Mary Cassatt. Collection record, 1932.1282. Link
The Art Institute of Chicago. “Oiwa, from One Hundred Ghost Tales” (1831–32), Katsushika Hokusai. Collection record, 1943.603. Link
The Art Institute of Chicago. “On the Yoshida Highway” (c. 1685), attributed to Sugimura Jihei. Collection record, 1925.1699. Link
The Art Institute of Chicago. “Ono no Komachi Visiting Kiyomizu Temple” (about 1788), Chōbunsai Eishi. Collection record, 1925.3100. Link
The Art Institute of Chicago. “Ono no Komachi Washing the Copybook” (1764), Torii Kiyomitsu I. Collection record, 1925.2003. Link
The Art Institute of Chicago. “A Parade of Courtesans” (c. 1690), attributed to Hishikawa Moronobu. Collection record, 1925.1702. Link
The Art Institute of Chicago. “Plum Garden at Kameido” (1857), Utagawa Hiroshige. Collection record, 1925.3752. Link
The Art Institute of Chicago. “Reflective Love” (c. 1793/94), Kitagawa Utamaro. Collection record, 1952.393. Link
The Art Institute of Chicago. “Under the Wave off Kanagawa (The Great Wave)” (1830/33), Katsushika Hokusai. Collection record for a second impression, 1925.3245, consulted for facts about the series. Link
The Art Institute of Chicago. “Young Woman Riding a Phoenix” (1765), attributed to Suzuki Harunobu. Collection record, 1942.87. Link
The Cleveland Museum of Art. “Basket of Peonies” (1810 or 1814), Katsushika Hokusai. Collection record, 1943.5. Link
The Cleveland Museum of Art. “Driving Rain at Shōno” (1833), Utagawa Hiroshige. Collection record, 1948.306. Link
The Cleveland Museum of Art. “Evening on the Chikugo River” (1927), Yoshida Hiroshi. Collection record, 1930.95. Link
The Cleveland Museum of Art. “Ichikawa Danjūrō V as a Traveler beside a Clump of Iris” (c. 1780), Katsukawa Shunshō. Collection record, 1921.1271. Link
The Cleveland Museum of Art. “Ichikawa Ebizō IV as Takemura Sadanoshin” (1794), Tōshūsai Sharaku. Collection record, 1930.205. Link
The Cleveland Museum of Art. “Perspective View of the Interior of the Nakamura Theater” (1740), Okumura Masanobu. Collection record, 1916.1154. Link
The Cleveland Museum of Art. “Pleasure Boats on the Sumida River (leftmost sheet)” (c. 1792), Chōbunsai Eishi. Collection record, 1916.1153. Link
The Cleveland Museum of Art. “Women Watching a Girl Dance on Shells” (1784), Torii Kiyonaga. Collection record, 1985.330. Link
Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian National Museum of Asian Art, Washington, DC. “Caprice in Purple and Gold: The Golden Screen” (1864), James McNeill Whistler. Collection record, F1904.75a. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Artisans, from An Up-to-Date Parody of the Four Classes” (19th century), Utagawa Kunisada. Collection record, JP3495a–c. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “A Boating Party under Azuma Bridge” (c. 1785), Torii Kiyonaga. Collection record, JP2620a–c. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Courtesan from the Myōgaya House” (c. 1712), attributed to Torii Kiyomasu I. Collection record, JP3073. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “The Courtesan Nishikigi of the Yotsumeya Brothel” (1776), Isoda Koryūsai. Collection record, JP2627. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Danjūrō VII's Benkei as Fudō Myōō” (c. 1824), Utagawa Kunisada. Collection record, JP1251. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “The Entrance to Ageya-machi” (1681–84), Hishikawa Moronobu. Collection record, JP808. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Evening Chime of the Clock” (c. 1766), Suzuki Harunobu. Collection record, JP2447. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Evening Snow at Kanbara” (c. 1833–34), Utagawa Hiroshige. Collection record, JP2492. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Ghosts of the Taira at Daimotsu Bay” (1849–52), Utagawa Kuniyoshi. Collection record, JP1115.2a–c. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Hara: Mount Fuji in the Morning” (c. 1833–34), Utagawa Hiroshige. Collection record, JP484. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Ichikawa Danjūrō II in ‘Wait a Moment’ (Shibaraku)” (c. 1715), Torii Kiyotada. Collection record, JP3075. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Kabuki Actor” (c. 1708), attributed to Torii Kiyonobu I. Collection record, JP3098. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Kirifuri Waterfall at Kurokami Mountain in Shimotsuke” (c. 1832), Katsushika Hokusai. Collection record, JP1081. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Lovers Walking in the Snow (Crow and Heron)” (1764–72), Suzuki Harunobu. Collection record, JP2453. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “The Monkey Bridge in Kai Province” (c. 1841–42), Utagawa Hiroshige. Collection record, JP3510. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Morning View of Nihonbashi” (c. 1833–34), Utagawa Hiroshige. Collection record, JP471. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Nakamura Utaemon III as Ishikawa Goemon” (1822), Shunkōsai Hokushū. Collection record, 2020.303. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Osen of the Kagiya Teahouse” (c. 1769), Suzuki Harunobu. Collection record, JP1276. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Ōtani Oniji III as Yakko Edobei” (1794), Tōshūsai Sharaku. Collection record, JP2822. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Parody of Minamoto no Tametomo” (1765), Suzuki Harunobu. Collection record, JP2437. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Picture Book of Crawling Creatures” (1788), Kitagawa Utamaro. Collection record, JP1048. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Sawamura Sōjūrō III as Shimada Jūzaburō” (c. 1795), Utagawa Toyokuni I. Collection record, JP2720. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Segawa Tomisaburō II as Yadorigi” (1794), Tōshūsai Sharaku. Collection record, JP3112. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Shichirigahama in Sagami Province” (c. 1830–32), Katsushika Hokusai. Collection record, JP15. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “South Wind, Clear Sky (Red Fuji)” (c. 1830–32), Katsushika Hokusai. Collection record, JP9. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Storm below Mount Fuji” (c. 1830–32), Katsushika Hokusai. Collection record, JP11. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Takashima Ohisa Using Two Mirrors to Observe Her Coiffure” (c. 1795), Kitagawa Utamaro. Collection record, JP145. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Three Beauties of the Kansei Period” (c. 1791), Kitagawa Utamaro. Collection record, JP1528. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Three Types of Drunks” (c. 1770), Isoda Koryūsai. Collection record, JP139. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Under the Wave off Kanagawa (The Great Wave)” (c. 1830–32), Katsushika Hokusai. Collection record, JP1847. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “A View of the Pleasures of the Taiko and His Five Wives at Rakutō” (1804), Kitagawa Utamaro. Collection record, JP992. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Visit to a Shrine at the Hour of the Ox” (1765), Suzuki Harunobu. Collection record, JP2438. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Wild Geese Flying under the Full Moon” (c. 1833), Utagawa Hiroshige. Collection record, JP270. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Woman Admiring Plum Blossoms at Night” (c. 1766), Suzuki Harunobu. Collection record, JP1506. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Yamauba and Kintarō” (c. 1795), Kitagawa Utamaro. Collection record, JP980. Link
Minneapolis Institute of Art. “Moon over Daimotsu Bay: Benkei” (January 1886), Tsukioka Yoshitoshi. Collection record, 2017.106.167. Link
Minneapolis Institute of Art. “Popular Ōtsu-e Phenomenon” (1848), Utagawa Kuniyoshi. Collection record, 99.59.24a-c. Link
Reference sources
Department of Asian Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. “Art of the Pleasure Quarters and the Ukiyo-e Style.” Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link
Department of Asian Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. “Woodblock Prints in the Ukiyo-e Style.” Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. October 2003. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link
Ives, Colta. “Japonisme.” Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, October 2004. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link
Katz, Janice. “A Tale of Two Mountains: Hokusai's Fantastic Landscapes in Europe and America.” Article, The Art Institute of Chicago, 2021. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link
Tokyo Fuji Art Museum. “The Actor Onoe Matsusuke I as Matsushita Mikinoshin” (1794), Tōshūsai Sharaku. Collection page. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link
Yamaguchi, Mai. “Hokusai's Printed Illustrated Books.” Smarthistory, September 17, 2020. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link
The British Museum. “Hu Sanniang” (1845–50), Utagawa Kuniyoshi. Collection record, 2008,3037.10209. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link