Sources
Sources and further reading
The text of this section was compiled for general readers from the sources below. The ideas and facts come from them; the wording is new, and any quotations are credited where they appear.
Lectures
Clark, Travis Lee. “Lecture 11 Impressionism.” Lecture, Utah Valley University. YouTube video, 1:13:44. Posted November 2, 2020. Link
Gariff, David. “The Impressionist Revolution 1874–1886.” Lecture, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. YouTube video, 1:09:57. Posted November 20, 2024. Link
Hirshler, Erica E. “An American in Paris: Cassatt, Degas, and the Impressionists in the 1870s.” Lecture, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, April 12, 2016. YouTube video, 1:26:54. Posted December 29, 2016. Link
Shackelford, George T. M. “Time and Monet.” Lecture, Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth. YouTube video, 1:15:05. Posted September 10, 2019. Link
Curricula that shaped coverage
de Fur, Karen. “Impressionism: Reflections of a Culture.” Curriculum unit 01.02.02. New Haven, CT: Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute, 2001. Link
Deutsch, Allison. “The Impressionists: Painting Modern Life.” Online course. University of Oxford, Department for Continuing Education, 2026. Link
Gersh-Nesic, Beth S. “Impressionism.” Course syllabus. Purchase College, State University of New York, Winter 2013. Link
IES Abroad Arles. “19th Century Art: Impressionism and Postimpressionism.” Course syllabus. Undated. Link
Lisot, Elizabeth. “Impressionism & Post-Impressionism.” Course syllabus. University of Texas at Tyler, Spring 2025. Link
Slavkova, Iveta. “Impressionism / Post-Impressionism.” Course syllabus. American University of Paris, Spring 2019. Link
Museum collection records
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Alexandre Cabanel, The Birth of Venus, 1875.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Gustave Courbet, Woman with a Parrot, 1866.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
Musée d'Orsay, Paris. “Édouard Manet, Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe, 1863.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
Musée d'Orsay, Paris. “Édouard Manet, Olympia, 1863.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
Musée d'Orsay, Paris. “Henri Fantin-Latour, A Studio at Les Batignolles, 1870.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
National Gallery of Art, Washington. “Édouard Manet, The Railway, 1873.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Claude Monet, Garden at Sainte-Adresse, 1867.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Claude Monet, La Grenouillère, 1869.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
Musée d'Orsay, Paris. “Frédéric Bazille, Family Reunion, 1867.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
Musée Marmottan Monet, Paris. “Claude Monet, Impression, Sunrise, 1872.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City. “Claude Monet, Boulevard des Capucines, 1873–74.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
The Courtauld Gallery, London. “Pierre-Auguste Renoir, La Loge, 1874.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
National Gallery of Art, Washington. “Pierre-Auguste Renoir, The Dancer, 1874.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. “Edgar Degas, At the Races in the Countryside, 1869.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
Musée d'Orsay, Paris. “Berthe Morisot, The Cradle, 1872.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
National Gallery of Art, Washington. “Berthe Morisot, The Harbor at Lorient, 1869.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
Musée d'Orsay, Paris. “Camille Pissarro, White Frost, 1873.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
National Gallery of Art, Washington. “Camille Pissarro, Orchard in Bloom, Louveciennes, 1872.” Collection record. Accessed October 28, 2026. Link
Musée d'Orsay, Paris. “Paul Cézanne, A Modern Olympia, 1873–74.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
Musée d'Orsay, Paris. “Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Bal du moulin de la Galette, 1876.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
The Phillips Collection, Washington, DC. “Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Luncheon of the Boating Party, 1880–81.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
The Art Institute of Chicago. “Gustave Caillebotte, Paris Street; Rainy Day, 1877.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
Musée d'Orsay, Paris. “Gustave Caillebotte, The Floor Scrapers, 1875.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
The Art Institute of Chicago. “Claude Monet, Arrival of the Normandy Train, Gare Saint-Lazare, 1877.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
Musée d'Orsay, Paris. “Edgar Degas, In a Café (L'Absinthe), 1875–76.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Camille Pissarro, The Boulevard Montmartre on a Winter Morning, 1897.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
Musée d'Orsay, Paris. “Eva Gonzalès, A Loge at the Théâtre des Italiens, c. 1874.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
The Courtauld, London. “Édouard Manet, A Bar at the Folies-Bergère, 1882.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Edgar Degas, The Dance Class, 1874.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Edgar Degas, The Rehearsal of the Ballet Onstage, c. 1874.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
Musée d'Orsay, Paris. “Edgar Degas, Ballet (The Star), c. 1876–77.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
National Gallery of Art, Washington. “Edgar Degas, Little Dancer Aged Fourteen, 1878–1881.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
The National Gallery, London. “Edgar Degas, Miss La La at the Cirque Fernando, 1879.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
National Gallery of Art, Washington. “Edgar Degas, Woman Ironing, begun c. 1876, completed c. 1887.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
National Gallery of Art, Washington. “Edgar Degas, Scene from the Steeplechase: The Fallen Jockey, 1866, reworked 1880–1881 and c. 1897.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Edgar Degas, Woman Bathing in a Shallow Tub, 1885.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
Musée d'Orsay, Paris. “Edgar Degas, The Tub, 1886.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
National Gallery of Art, Washington. “Edgar Degas, Four Dancers, c. 1899.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
National Gallery of Art, Washington. “Berthe Morisot, The Mother and Sister of the Artist, 1869–70.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
The National Gallery, London. “Berthe Morisot, Summer's Day, c. 1879.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
National Gallery of Art, Washington. “Berthe Morisot, In the Dining Room, 1886.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
National Gallery of Art, Washington. “Mary Cassatt, Little Girl in a Blue Armchair, 1878.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. “Mary Cassatt, In the Loge, 1878.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City. “Mary Cassatt, At the Theater, c. 1879.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. “Mary Cassatt, The Tea, c. 1880.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Mary Cassatt, Lydia Crocheting in the Garden at Marly, 1880.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
The Art Institute of Chicago. “Mary Cassatt, The Child's Bath, 1893.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Mary Cassatt, The Bath, 1890–91.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
Petit Palais, Musée des Beaux-Arts de la Ville de Paris. “Marie Bracquemond, Le Goûter (Afternoon Tea), c. 1880.” Collection record. Accessed October 28, 2026. Link
National Gallery of Art, Washington. “Claude Monet, Woman with a Parasol – Madame Monet and Her Son, 1875.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
The Art Institute of Chicago. “Claude Monet, Stacks of Wheat (End of Summer), 1890–91.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Claude Monet, The Four Trees, 1891.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
National Gallery of Art, Washington. “Claude Monet, Rouen Cathedral, West Façade, Sunlight, 1894.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
National Gallery of Art, Washington. “Claude Monet, The Houses of Parliament, Sunset, 1903.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Claude Monet, Bridge over a Pond of Water Lilies, 1899.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
The Art Institute of Chicago. “Claude Monet, Water Lilies, 1906.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth. “Claude Monet, Weeping Willow, 1918–19.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
National Gallery of Art, Washington. “Camille Pissarro, The Artist's Garden at Eragny, 1898.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
The Art Institute of Chicago. “Georges Seurat, A Sunday on La Grande Jatte — 1884, 1884–86.” Collection record. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
Reference sources
Amory, Dita. "Georges Seurat (1859–1891) and Neo-Impressionism." In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, October 2004. Link
Auricchio, Laura. "Claude Monet (1840–1926)." In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, October 2004. Link
Auricchio, Laura. “The Transformation of Landscape Painting in France.” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004. Link
Harris, Beth, and Steven Zucker. "Georges Seurat, A Sunday on La Grande Jatte – 1884." In Smarthistory. Video and transcript. Link
Hurt, Perry. “Never Underestimate the Power of a Paint Tube.” Smithsonian Magazine, May 2013. Link
J. Paul Getty Museum. “Getty Museum Acquires Gustave Caillebotte’s Iconic Young Man at His Window.” Press release, November 11, 2021. Link
J. Paul Getty Museum. “New Caillebotte Acquisition Young Man at His Window Now on View at Getty.” Press release, December 16, 2021. Link
Marcereau DeGalan, Aimee. "Claude Monet, Boulevard des Capucines, 1873–74." Catalogue entry, and Diana M. Jaskierny, technical entry. In French Paintings and Pastels, 1600–1945: The Collections of the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, edited by Aimee Marcereau DeGalan. Kansas City: The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, 2021. https://doi.org/10.37764/78973.5.626.5407. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
Metropolitan Museum of Art. Poplars, Eragny, by Camille Pissarro, 1895. Accession 67.187.93. Collection record and catalogue entry by Katharine Baetjer. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Link
Metropolitan Museum of Art. The Houses of Parliament (Effect of Fog), by Claude Monet, 1903–4. Accession 56.135.6. Collection record. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Link
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Teapot (from a six-piece tea service), about 1835. Accession 1982.359. Collection record. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts. Link
Musée d'Orsay. "Acquisition of Works by Félix and Marie Bracquemond." Magazine, May 2, 2024. Link
Musée d'Orsay. "Paris 1874: Inventing Impressionism." Exhibition, March 26–July 14, 2024. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
Musée d'Orsay. "White Frost [Gelée blanche]." Artwork commentary (English). Accessed October 28, 2026. Link
Myers, Nicole. "Women Artists in Nineteenth-Century France." In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, September 2008. Link
National Gallery of Art. Degas/Cassatt. Exhibition page, May 11–October 5, 2014. Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art. Link
National Gallery of Victoria. “The Impressionists and Innovations in Artists’ Tools.” Essay on Claude Monet, Vétheuil, 1879. Archived March 7, 2026, Internet Archive. Accessed October 28, 2026. Link
National Gallery, London. "Inventing Impressionism." Exhibition page, 4 March–31 May 2015. London: National Gallery. Link
Samu, Margaret. "Impressionism: Art and Modernity." In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
Société anonyme des artistes peintres, sculpteurs, graveurs, etc. Première exposition, 1874: Catalogue. Paris: Impr. Alcan-Lévy, 1874. Facsimile, Frick Art Reference Library copy, Internet Archive. Accessed October 28, 2026. Also held by the Bibliothèque nationale de France, RES P-V-646 (Gallica ark:/12148/bpt6k994614t). Link
Steele, Elizabeth. “A Look Beneath the Surface: Technical Study of Luncheon of the Boating Party.” The Phillips Collection. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
The Courtauld. "La Loge (The Theatre Box)." Collection highlights. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
The Courtauld. “A Bar at the Folies-Bergère.” Collection highlights. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
The Phillips Collection. “Renoir and Friends: Luncheon of the Boating Party.” Exhibition page, October 7, 2017–January 7, 2018. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link
Weinberg, H. Barbara. "Mary Stevenson Cassatt (1844–1926)." In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, October 2004. Link
Yi, Annie. "1874: The Birth of Impressionism." National Gallery of Art, September 4, 2024. Accessed October 27, 2026. Link