Sources and further reading

Hurt, Perry. “The Impressionists' Revolution in Paint.” Conservation talk, NCMA Recommends series, North Carolina Museum of Art. YouTube video, 9:38. April 9, 2020. Link

Stavroudis, Chris. “Conservation of Modern Art: Jackson Pollock's Painting.” NCAR Lecture 001, National Center for Art Research, Japan, with the Tokyo National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, at the National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo. YouTube video, 1:45:36. October 28, 2023. Link

Wadum, Jørgen. “Painting Techniques: From Rembrandt to Vermeer.” Public lecture (Statens Museum for Kunst and CATS, Copenhagen), Summer Teachers Institute in Technical Art History, Yale University Art Gallery. YouTube video, 1:08:08. 2015. Link

Clark College Community Education. “Beginner Acrylics: Painting from Observation.” Course syllabus, fall 2026. Link

Foothill College. “ART 19D Acrylic Painting II.” Course outline, Foothill College catalog. Link

Gottsegen, Mark David. The Painter's Handbook. Watson-Guptill, 1993. Table of contents, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) library catalogue. Link

Raritan Valley Community College. “ARTS 210 Acrylic and Oil Painting I.” Course outline. Link

University of South Carolina. “ARTS 210 Introduction to Painting.” Carolina Core course syllabus. Link

Casadio, Francesca. “Art Scene Investigation: What's in the Dots?” Article, The Art Institute of Chicago. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link

Connecting to Collections Care. Summary of the Smithsonian Museum Conservation Institute's guidance on caring for acrylic paintings. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link

Humfrey, Peter, and Joanna Dunn. “Venus with a Mirror, c. 1555.” Systematic catalogue entry (Titian), Italian Paintings of the Sixteenth Century. National Gallery of Art, Washington, March 21, 2019. Technical summary from examination reports by Sarah Fisher, Catherine Metzger, Elizabeth Walmsley, and Joanna Dunn. Link

Jablonski, Learner, Hayes, and Golden. “Conservation Concerns for Acrylic Emulsion Paints: A Literature Review.” Tate Papers 2 (Autumn 2004). Co-author Mark Golden is of Golden Artist Colors. Link

Janas, Mecklenburg, et al. “Shrinkage and Mechanical Properties of Drying Oil Paints.” Heritage Science (2022). Link

Jones, Susan. “Painting in Oil in the Low Countries and Its Spread to Southern Europe.” Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2002. Link

Learner, Thomas J. S., et al., eds. Modern Paints Uncovered. Proceedings of the symposium held at Tate, London, May 16–19, 2006 (Getty Conservation Institute, Tate and National Gallery of Art). Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute, 2008. Papers cited: Learner, “Modern Paints: Uncovering the Choices”; Croll; Coddington (MoMA), “Modern Paints, Conservation of”; Foster (Winsor & Newton); Gates, Ausema, and Lake; Gridley and Cranmer; Hayes, Golden, and Smith (Golden Artist Colors), “From Formulation to Finished Product”; Smith; Smithen (Tate); Young, “Interfacial Interactions of Modern Paint Layers”; Zumbühl et al. Link

Levison, Henry W. Article on the yellowing of oil paint films in dark storage and their bleaching in light. Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 24, no. 2 (1985). The author founded Permanent Pigments, maker of Liquitex. Link

Liquitex (paint maker). “What Is Acrylic Paint?” Knowledge article. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link

Maor, Yonah, and Alison Murray (Art Conservation Program, Queen's University). “Delamination of Oil Paints on Acrylic Grounds.” MRS Online Proceedings (2008). Abstract. Link

The Metropolitan Museum of Art. “Heavy Metal Soap in Oil Paintings.” Project page (with the University of Delaware), August 2, 2022. Link

The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Press release for the 2016 exhibition on Jan van Eyck's The Crucifixion; The Last Judgment. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link

Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam. “Impressionism.” Collection in depth. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. CAMEO entry: drying oil. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. CAMEO entry: linseed oil. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. CAMEO entry: Liquitex acrylic paints. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link

Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. CAMEO entry: Magna Plastic Colors. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link

The Museum of Modern Art, New York. Press release on Helen Frankenthaler, 1989. Link

Narragansett Bay Commission, with the Rhode Island School of Design, RIDEM and RISCA. Best management practices brochure for artists. Hosted by Brandeis University Environmental Health and Safety. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link

National Galleries of Scotland. “Acrylic.” Glossary. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link

National Gallery of Art, Washington. “10 Surprising Facts about Ginevra.” Story. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link

National Gallery of Art, Washington. “Self-Portrait, 1659.” Catalogue entry (Rembrandt van Rijn), Dutch Paintings of the Seventeenth Century. Online edition. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link

National Gallery of Art, Washington. “The Beginnings of Impressionist Landscape.” Gallery 87 guide (archived copy, 2009, UNT Libraries Web Archive). Link

National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne. “The Impressionists and Innovations in Artists' Tools.” Article. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link

NIOSH (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). “Turpentine.” NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link

Peggie, David. “Drying and Paint Defects.” In Vermeer and Technique. Online publication, The National Gallery, London, 2013. Link

Rand, John. “Improvement in the Construction of Vessels or Apparatus for Preserving Paint, &c.” US Patent 2,252, September 11, 1841. Google Patents. Link

Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. “Rijksmuseum Reveals Major Discoveries on Vermeer's Painting The Milkmaid.” Press release, September 8, 2022. Link

Science History Institute. “Pioneers in Acrylic Emulsions.” Photograph record, Digital Collections. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link

Science History Institute. Plexiglas panels. Object record, Digital Collections. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link

Shaw, Jill, and Kimberley Muir. “Stacks of Wheat, 1890–91,” cats. 27–33. In Monet Paintings and Drawings at the Art Institute of Chicago. Online catalogue, The Art Institute of Chicago. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link

Smithsonian Archives of American Art. John Goffe Rand papers. Collection record. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link

Smithsonian Magazine. “Never Underestimate the Power of a Paint Tube.” Accessed October 30, 2026. Link

Smithsonian Museum Conservation Institute. Bibliography abstract: Broun, monograph on Albert Pinkham Ryder. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link

Smithsonian Museum Conservation Institute. Bibliography abstract: Homer and Goodrich, monograph on Albert Pinkham Ryder. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link

Smithsonian Museum Conservation Institute. “Caring for Acrylic Paintings.” Accessed October 30, 2026. Link

Tate and AXA Art. Caring for Acrylics: Modern and Contemporary Paintings. October 2007. Link

Tate. “Contemporary Art Research: Modern Paints.” Project page. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link

Tate. “Pioneering Research Project on Acrylic Paints Findings Revealed.” Press release, October 30, 2009. Link

University of Delaware, Department of Art Conservation. MITRA (Materials Information and Technical Resources for Artists). “Grounds and Primers.” Resource PDF. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link

University of Delaware, Department of Art Conservation. MITRA (Materials Information and Technical Resources for Artists). “Health and Safety.” Resource PDF. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link

University of Delaware, Department of Art Conservation. MITRA (Materials Information and Technical Resources for Artists). “MITRA Resources.” Index page. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link

University of Delaware, Department of Art Conservation. MITRA (Materials Information and Technical Resources for Artists). “Myths, FAQs, and Common Misconceptions.” Resource PDF. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link

University of Delaware, Department of Art Conservation. MITRA (Materials Information and Technical Resources for Artists). “Paint Mediums and Additives.” Resource PDF. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link

University of Delaware, Department of Art Conservation. MITRA (Materials Information and Technical Resources for Artists). “Solvents and Diluents.” Resource PDF. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link

University of Delaware, Department of Art Conservation. MITRA (Materials Information and Technical Resources for Artists). “Varnishes.” Resource PDF. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link

University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Department of Art. Painting area environmental health and safety policy. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link

Whitney Museum of American Art. “Siqueiros and the Experimental Workshop.” Section 8, Vida Americana: Mexican Muralists Remake American Art, 1925–1945. Exhibition website. Accessed October 30, 2026. Link

The Art Institute of Chicago. “Stacks of Wheat (End of Summer)” (1890–91), Claude Monet. Collection record, 1985.1103. Link

Guggenheim Museum Bilbao. “Santorini” (1965), Helen Frankenthaler. Collection record. Link

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “Moonlight Marine” (1870–90), Albert Pinkham Ryder. Collection record, 34.55. Link

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “The Crucifixion; The Last Judgment” (ca. 1436–38), Jan van Eyck. Collection record, 33.92ab. Link

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “The Harvesters” (1565), Pieter Bruegel the Elder. Collection record, 19.164. Link

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. “The Toilers of the Sea” (ca. 1880–85), Albert Pinkham Ryder. Collection record, 15.32. Link

National Gallery of Art, Washington. “Ginevra de' Benci [obverse]” (c. 1474/1478), Leonardo da Vinci. Collection record, 1967.6.1.a. Link

National Gallery of Art, Washington. “Self-Portrait” (1659), Rembrandt van Rijn. Collection record, 1937.1.72. Link

National Gallery of Art, Washington. “Venus with a Mirror” (c. 1555), Titian. Collection record, 1937.1.34. Link

Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. “The Milkmaid” (c. 1660), Johannes Vermeer. Collection record, SK-A-2344. Link